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Her research interests include French and American cinema, the relation between film studies and literature, with special attention to contemporary novelisation.

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But who was Barbara Loden and where did she come from? What kind of a relationship did she have with Wanda as such? Why and how did Loden, as both actress and director, make her only film?

What role did Elia Kazan, her famous husband, play in the making of her film? She went to New York at the age of 17, leaving behind a rather difficult childhood spent with her grandparents after the divorce of her parents.

Barbara Loden arrived to New York in her late teens. She danced at the Copacabana nightclub; worked as a model and pin-up girl while attending Paul Mann Actors Workshop. She married producer Larry Joachim at the beginning of the s; later she met the already famous Elia Kazan, who was 23 years older then Loden. Kazan gave her a minor role in his film Wild River and then a more important one in Splendor in the Grasswhere Loden played Ginny.

Later on, their relationship was not without conflicts: it had its ups and downs and was rather a typical on-and-off affair. They even had a son, Leo, but despite of having a child with Loden, Kazan was still unwilling to marry her even after the death of his first wife, Mary Day Thacher.

As a result, Loden decided to leave him. During the period of living separately, Kazan wrote The Arrangementa novel with strong autobiographical elements. Nevertheless, by the time The Arrangement metz free meeting published, Kazan and Loden were together again.

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The book became a bestseller and seeing this success, Kazan decided to write a film script based on it and to turn his acclaimed novel into a movie.

He tried to convince Marlon Brando to play the main character, with Loden in the role of Gwen, of course. Unfortunately, Brando was unwilling to play this role, and Kirk Douglas soon replaced him. One year after The Arrangementin an act of filmic response, she presented her film, Wandaat the Venice Film Festival.

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Even though the movie can be described as rather unique in terms of its style, Wanda shows a number of characteristic features reminding of the elements of the New American Cinema. During the mids, Classical Hollywood experienced a decline in audience interest, especially among members of the younger generation.

Realizing this problem, many studios decided to give free hand to a new generation of unknown directors. The success of a fresh, bold cinematic movement, exposing previously tabooed topics such as violence and sexuality, was also due to new, more radical audiences desiring to see something new and different. American cinema, accordingly, reflected the increasing tension existing then in the American society. However, the influence of the French new wave on American cinema was not a one-way process.

Actually, the French movies of the time very often contain more or less explicit allusions to films made by American directors considered real auteurs by the French critics. Thus, the mutual appreciation from the part of American and European film directors lead to the emergence of a transatlantic dialogue also in film and film theory.

Besides the European influence, the American avant-garde was also an important source of inspiration for the new directors. Films with such radical potential találkozó hely között menyasszonyok social criticism while staging people, attitudes and events eredeti becenevet társkereső were excluded from censored filmic representations, an important feature present in the counter-Hollywood productions of the era.

Furthermore, these new directors employed methods borrowed from documentary films and used freeze frames, zoom or slow motion that were not used too much by classical Hollywood movies because, as Elsaesser wrote, metz free meeting against strong spectatorial identification. According to Elsaesser and Kingthe New American Cinema refused many features of classical Hollywood films, a gesture characteristic of the European cinema of that period envisaging a kind of social disillusionment, a disappointment vis-à-vis traditional social values reflected by the rejection of traditional, classical representations of the mainstream Hollywood films.

There was no attempt to depict perfect characters in a glamorous setting. On the contrary, in these ismerkedés roth American movies viewers rather saw aimless, depressive or self- destructive characters on the screen […] A whole new America came into view […] one came across rural backwaters, motels, rust-belt towns and Bible-belt communities, out-of-season resorts and other places of Americana, whose desolation or poignancy had rarely been conveyed with such visual poetry […] Flört magyarul all, there is the notable bias for the underdog, the outsider, the outlaw, the working man or nők egy éjszakára middle class protagonist, whose ideas of happiness and freedom imply emotional bonds that metz free meeting lived outside the nuclear family, and for whom the romantic, heterosexual couple is not the end-point of the narrative, but doomed from the start, as in the many criminal couple films made in the wake of Bonnie and Clyde.

One of them was Barbara Loden and her only feature film, Wanda. Production year: ; Production company: Foundation for Filmmakers. Barbara Loden read in the 27 March issue of Sunday Daily Metz free meeting about Alma Malone, a woman who left her family and her children and ran away.

After wandering for a while, she sided a man Mr. Ansley and became his lover and his accomplice in an attempted bank robbery, appearing in the courtroom on her own because Ansley was shot by the police during the failed robbery they committed.

Loden was intrigued by the act that Malone thanked the judge for such a severe sentence, an act the actress could not entirely comprehend; so she decided to look into the case for metz free meeting details that can explain the unusual behavior of Alma Malone in the court. Lacking the necessary background knowledge and being refused the authorization to meet Malone personally in the prison, Loden decided to use the few pieces of information she had from the media, which she combined with items of her own experience in order to produce the cinematic story of Alma Malone who becomes the eponymous Wanda Goronsky in the film.

In this perspective thus, Loden creates the story of the woman she would have become if she did not leave her unaffectionate family and home at the age of Fortunately, I escaped.

Furthermore, the interplay between the characters in the film is further deepened as Barbara Loden gives shape to the character of Wanda not only as writer and director of the film but also as actress playing the title role: she not only plays Wanda, she becomes Wanda in this film. I had no identity of my own. The Making of Wanda.

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As I wrote before, Loden read the article about Alma Malone in Dennis were not professionals; the crew had also few members including writer and director Barbara Loden, cinematographer and editor Nicholas Proferes, lighting and sound technician Lars Hedman, and assistant Christopher Cromin. Moreover, the film was shot in 16 mm usually used for documentary films that was less expensive than the standard 35 mm used for feature movies; the film was shot with a hand-held camera, giving the film a documentary style because Proferes, the cinematographer, had a serious documentary background: he made Free at Last on Martin Luther King that won the prize for the best documentary in at the Venice Film Festival, bearing strong traces of cinéma vérité.

The intertwining phenomenon of reality and fiction is essential in this film and appears in a very interesting combination: fiction as such is made by using documentary methods with the filmic narrative embedded in a documentary setting.

Wanda was shot on a grainy 16mm film with almost exclusively natural light by documentary filmmaker as cinematographer with a production far from the studio system of Hollywood. The movie had many scenes with non-professionals like one in the local dress factory where Wanda cannot find a job, which is shot in a real dress factory with real workersadding another layer of documentary touch to this production.

The Story. The character of Wanda is the wife of a Pennsylvanian coal miner and mother of two small children. She is neglecting her duties both as wife and mother, merely letting things happen to her: she is a floater, as Kazan would put it. Wanda allows her husband to have a smooth divorce: she leaves him the children without a word of protest or without even looking at them. After the divorce, Wanda departs as she came, visibly less ready to start anew, with curlers in her hair and with a small white handbag.

She has no place to stay and no means of living; she is just hanging around with no particular aim when she meets the opportunist and wrongdoer Mr. She becomes his lover and accomplice in a bank robbery. The movie shows their travel towards a dead end: death for the man and prison for the woman.

The first scenes of the film hint to many things in the narrative. Moreover, Wanda appears in court because her husband filed for divorce but she is late even then. Her picture is ötletek szabad dátumokat drawn by her husband and the same applies to Loden: what the general public knows about her is somehow mediated by the well-known figure of Elia Kazan in his interviews and autobiographical or autofictional writings.

Wanda lets her husband have a divorce, without looking at him once, without even glancing at her children, who remain alluded, off-screen characters. Wanda is there, alone and isolated, szép nő know metz free meeting curlers that seem to be out of context in serious atmosphere of the courtroom.

As Nathalie Léger remarked, Wanda wears those curlers as if that was important to her but she will never have the desired effect a metz free meeting hair can induce despite the fact that she has a Marilyn Monroe-like blonde hair. After the courtroom scene where she loses her family, Wanda goes to the local factory where she used to work and finds out that she is not needed anymore.

The so-called American dream is more and more out of her reach driving her to spend the following night with the first man who seems interested in her and who leaves her on the street in the morning.

Then, to find shelter, Wanda enters a movie theatre, the par excellence place of dreaming, where she falls asleep. When she wakes up, the audience has already left the theatre and she discovers that someone has stolen her money.

The cinema, the place where dreams might come true becomes thus an unsafe, perilous site where she is robbed of what little she still has. After being robbed, Wanda is left with nothing but her own body; all she has is the clothes she is wearing and an empty white handbag she seems to be attached to. And this is exactly at this moment of her complete dispossession, when she has nothing left to lose, that she enters a bar metz free meeting meets a man, Mr.

Dennis, with whom she will stick. He tries to get rid of her but for the first time she insists on staying and expresses her own will. This is prevalent in the restroom scene when Wanda looks in the mirror and pulls herself together: she wants to stay with him no matter what.

He finally accepts and the two leave the bar together as a couple.

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Mirror scenes Wanda becomes his lover and his accomplice in stealing cars and in committing other petty crimes. They rarely speak to each other; most of the time they are silent and rather let their gestures speak.

And even when they talk, especially when Mr. Dennis speaks to Wanda, he does that with violence and arrogance. Dennis has nothing to do with the criminals of Bonnie and Clyde or of Breathless who are rather romantic, loving men. Dennis is incapable of being tender or compassionate; he gives orders telling Wanda what to do and what not to do. As a result, Wanda looks like a young bride in her wedding dress but the promising moment of happy ending metz free meeting immediately spoiled by Mr.

Dennis, who starts to ask her questions about her husband and children.

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Dennis in the parking lot. Another example of an allusion to the compulsory story comes later in the film, too. After an elliptic cut, the spectator can see Wanda entering a hotel room where Mr. Metz free meeting is preparing something. This is a role she is not willing to accept first. Dennis, who calls Wanda by her name for the first and only time in the course of the entire film, convinces her to act out her role.

This is the second time viewers see a mirror in the scene; however, this time Wanda is not alone: she and Dennis are standing together in front of it as if repeating the scene of their first meeting with a difference. When Wanda finally accepts to take part in the robbery, Mr.

Dennis gives her a piece of paper with the planned steps of action she has to learn the same way an actress has to metz free meeting her part. Later on, everything seems to go according to the plan but Wanda, who must join Mr. Dennis at the bank, loses her way and arrives too late at the robbery scene only to find out that he was already shot dead by the police.

Seeing this, Wanda starts her solitary wandering again. Towards egyetlen statisztika berlin end of the film she returns to a starting point: alone again, with nothing but her empty white handbag in a similar situation as after metz free meeting divorce.

Wanda is thus moving without getting anywhere. When she is shown in a bar, drinking with a man, it seems that we have already seen this scene at some point of the film.

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The repetition is, however, with a major difference. This is the metz free meeting time that Wanda is making her voice heard, this is the first time she says no to a man who is trying to have sex with her. When the night comes, she finds shelter in a bar being invited by an unknown woman. The next scene of the film shows her sitting with a crowd metz free meeting people drinking. The movie was released in the United States in a New York cinema only to quickly disappear into oblivion.

After producing Wanda, Loden continued working with cinematographer Nick Proferes, with whom they wrote a number of new film scripts.

The positive critical reviews helped her build the necessary self-confidence in order to attempt to continue her career as a woman film director until her premature death in when she was only In spite of this, Loden could never again raise enough money to make another film.

AFET Press Release of 8 July on punitive laws against the opposition in Nicaragua Nicaragua: MEPs demand the repeal of punitive laws against the opposition Drifting further into authoritarianism, the regime attempts to impede free and fair elections The EU should increase sanctions on the Nicaraguan regime MEPs condemn restrictive laws devised to criminalise political opponents in Nicaragua and call for all arbitrarily detained political prisoners to be immediately released. In a resolution adopted on Thursday, MEPs strongly condemn all the Nicaraguan authorities' repressive actions, in particular the deaths caused, against democratic opposition parties and other opponents of the regime. MEPs demand the immediate and unconditional metz free meeting of all arbitrarily detained political prisoners, among them pre-presidential candidates, as well as other opposition activists, human rights defenders and journalists. The government must provide an immediate proof of life and whereabouts of those imprisoned, they urge. The Nicaraguan regime is deepening its authoritarian drift, they underline, closing off democratic space and international mediation for a peaceful solution to the conflict, clearly impeding free and fair elections due to be held on 7 November

He was quite articulate about this change in his autobiography, where he wrote: When I first met her, she had little choice but to depend on her sexual appeal. But with Wanda, an important independent film by a woman about a woman, she left behind the stereotypes of Hollywood and Broadway.

Disillusioned by the mainstream filmmaking, she gave up her possibilities in Hollywood and on Broadway for an independent filmic career during the last ten years of her life when she worked in Off-Off-Broadway productions, often with Nick Proferes. Barbara Loden as Wanda Goronsky in Wanda At the time of its release inWanda was screened in only one New York movie theatre and was quickly forgotten in the U.

However, a number of American critics were quite enthusiastic about this independent film.

Volume X, Number 1, Spring 2014

Nonetheless, Wanda was not completely forgotten on the global scene; and this was due to the recognition it earned in Europe, and especially in France.

Loden died on the 5th of Septemberthe day she was supposed to fly to Deauville with Elia Kazan for the screening of her Wanda. In France, the film was first released in and then, with a revival, in Marguerite Duras, the French writer and leading intellectual of the time, became so fond of the film that she decided to buy metz free meeting rights and distribute it in order to make it available to a wider public in France.

Eventually, it was not her but metz free meeting actress Isabelle Huppert, who succeeded in obtaining the distribution rights of the film and so she released a DVD of Wanda in France in One year later, inthe release of a DVD in the United States brought the film to a somewhat wider audience than before. The same year, Wanda was brought again at the Venice Film Festival. Furthermore, the Maryland Film Festival projected Wanda inwhere the film is cited by filmmaker John Waters as one of his favourite films.

Another critic, Jonathan Rosenbaum has even ranked Wanda among his top movies. It seems that the French revival of this film bought an increasing number of positive reviews and Wanda starts to be recognized as a valuable work as time passes by. Even though the film has hardly ever been mentioned in the official histories of American cinema, it seems that it is becoming a cult film on both sides of the Atlantic now being considered a promóciós kódot metz free meeting of the New Hollywood era and a seminal work of independent American cinema.

Loden is trespassing genres while blurring or continuously displacing the boarders separating them. The true story of Alma Malone, supplemented with her real metz metz free meeting meeting experiences are fictionalized through the embodiment of Wanda, a fictive figure played by the director-writer herself. Moreover, the fictional story of a real woman shot in documentary style is enhancing the feeling that a realist motivation is constantly interfering with fiction.

The narrator of the book is fekete muszlim társkereső oldal by an editor to write a short article for an entry on Barbara Loden in a Film Encyclopaedia. The narrator is watching Wanda in the company of her mother, whose after-divorce experience of floating for hours in Cap a modern shopping centre inaugurating in associates her with the freshly divorced, wandering character of Wanda.

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The narrator confesses her serious research: she is reading all available documents, contacting all who could have possibly known Loden. In order to achieve her goal, the narrator flies to the U. Other autobiographical elements e. This strategy helps build a narrative in which biographical elements conjure up autobiographical ones and vice versa.

Describe, nothing but describe. Even though obstacles are numerous and even though the narrator has very few information at her disposition, the book needs to be written. The invocation of Frederick Wiseman the narrator meets is an important sign depicting the same phenomenon. She says: I went to see Frederick Wiseman, the inventor of the documentary film without interviews, without commentaries, the inventor of documentary without documentation.

In this context, Nathalie Léger finds her metz free meeting to reflect on the theoretical debate about the notion of autofiction that animate the contemporary literary circles through the text of the novel itself considered as one possible answer to the theoretical reflections. Nevertheless, the best, as Léger says, one can aim for is to establish a connection between the present and the past of some feelings lived by others And so she does; then the narrator tells how she met Mickey Mantle in the New York Houdini Museum and how they talked about Loden, Marcel Proust and about ways to write an autobiography.

It is true that Mickey Mantle was a client in the Copacabana at the time when Loden was a dancer there; so they might have known each other.